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| 1228 |
| | | Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims | |
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| 1237 |
| | | Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde | |
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| 1258 |
| | | When Hulagu and his Mongol army reach Baghdad, in 1258, it is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed - and the caliph is kicked to death | |
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| 1260 |
| | | At Ayn Jalut, near Nazareth, the Egyptian Mamelukes defeat the Mongol army of Hulagu - the first military setback for the Mongols | |
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| c. 1270 |
| | | The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt | |
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| c. 1275 |
| | | The Mamelukes control Palestine and Syria, bringing the region securely back into Muslim hands | |
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| c. 1285 |
| | | Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1303 |
| | | The Knights Templars withdraw from the island of Arwad, the last foothold of the crusaders in the Middle East | |
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| 1347 |
| | | Turkish tribes, besieging Genoese merchants in Caffa, lob the corpses of plague victims over the town walls and thus spread the Black Death | |
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| 1354 |
| | | Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe | |
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